Language and attitude

There is something or some medium in which we express our reaction, our feelings, our wants, and our expression to other person to society that is called as language. Or you can say it is a set of prearranged signals that both sender and receiver know and usually use these signal to communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Word language is basically have different definitions it may also be defined as a specific linguistic system.

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It basically focuses on three domains of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The study of language meaning is affiliated with how language shows a logical structures and real-world references to convey a purposeful meaning, as well as how meaning is inferred from words and concepts and how meaning is inferred from context in short it usually emphasized on sense of word and grammar behind that word.

Now the language context is basically concerned with evolution of a particular language and focuses on the origin and development of language. It’s sometime impossible to know how and from where the language was started because the languages are spoken since evolution of men. So practically its impossible to make a perfect story about the evolution of language however you can make a particular guess that about 1000B.C this language was started becoming common in people. Today if you wish to introduce a new language that’s literally impossible, because it take research of thousand years to generate a proper and logical grammar of a language.

There are just about 3000–6000 languages that are spoken by humans today. Every language has its own grammar, way of writing etc and has some uniqueness in it.  For example “Urdu” it is a language which we use in our general conversation. And other language is Arabic both are written in same pattern but both of these have different grammar and some time same word are pronounced differently.

Language benefits us in many different ways it helps us to pass on and develop technologies, It helps us to coordinate activities, we can communicate knowledge about relevant aspects of the environment.

Human languages are often referred as natural languages. Actually language has great impact of environment on it. For example if a person he is from England he will speak English  meanwhile a person who is from United States  he will also speak the English but there will be different in their accent, a person from states will mostly use slang words and will speak very informal words. Whereas a person from England will very speak formal words and try to avoid slang words, so environment do matter. A baby born usually learns the language which her mother speaks. If baby is born in Pakistan but her mother speaks English, so her mother tongue will be English and despite he is Pakistani he will speak English This shows the impact of environment on language. . Language is passed on from one generation to the next. Many factors affect how language will change from generation to generation. What people talk about? Who talks to whom? How often?

Now when you speak out something, for example you are speaking something that’s really delight full, your body will also express these expressions which is called as your body language. There are two types of signals one is informative signals -signals which you have not intentionally sent- i.e. body language, and other is Communicative signals -you use intentionally to communicate something. A person initially learn the basic a, b, c then he usually attach words to form a particular words, for instance now he combine these different alphabets to form a particular word for example “car”, “bat” etc.

Now we will look at language attitude. It tells how a group of people or how a society is responding to the particular language learning. World is getting advanced day by day and English which is a international language, its learning is getting important day by day. For student who is not good in English, when he will enters the professional life he might face problem in job seeking as he have bad communication skills in English. On the other hand a person having good English skills might not face such problems. So our learning attitude toward English is increasing. Hence we can say that learning attitude and better job both are positively correlated. It shows that more good learning attitude you have more chance of better job you have.

It is a good thing that you have language learning attitude toward other languages because Sir Syed Ahamd Khan who was great scholar he said we should learn the other languages in order to cope with different problems and because it then and only possible that we can compete with world when we know their language, but one should never forget his/her language because mother tongue might be you national language and you language is actually your identity. And if you have no sort of grip on it than its mean you have lose your national identity.

Society in which you are living you have to follow its norms and social values. But in order to survive in that society you have to learn its language, because it just act as blood of your society. Just like accounting in business without which you won’t be able to calculate the profit and loss of your business or in simple term accounting act as language of business which interpret the different condition of business.

So we can conclude that language play an important role in our life, it effect almost every part of our life. It is basically responsible for our body language and for our verbal communication.

Social Facilitation:

Social facilitation means that people perform better in groups rather than individually. In short we can say that when people are being observed or when they feel that are to be evaluate by any viewer the work hard and try to do their best.

Now we will analyze the articles for the further explanation of this theory.  Article “Social Facilitation” which was written by Robert B. Zajonc  in this article he initially tells that prime example or the person who initiated the research on the social facilitation was Norman Tripplet. The idea that social evaluation has effect on performance was initially best illustrate by the psychologist Norman Triplett. He noticed the same behavior in cyclists. Triplett scoured the records of the 'League of American Wheelmen' and found that racing cyclists rode faster when paced or in competition. Analyzing the results of many races he found that, on average, cyclists with a pacemaker covered each mile about 5 seconds quicker than those without. He suspected it was more than just the purely physical effect of slipstreaming behind another cyclist, that the effect was also psychological (the mere presence of other people).

To test his feeling Triplett (1898) set children winding a thread on a reel, sometimes on their own and sometimes against others. What he found confirmed his theory: the children went faster when in competition. While interesting, though, the finding that people work faster in competition is hardly ground-breaking.

This tendency for people to perform simple tasks better when in the presence of others was called social facilitation.

On the other hand some people may perform worse when working in a group or when they feel that other are observing them. If we go back and once again look upon the experiment that was made by Tripllet. Children were given a task to operate a rod with reel on them for catching the fish, either in the presence of others or alone. Some children performed better alone, some others performed better with people watching. This showed that while some individuals were positively affected by the presence of others, some individuals were also negatively affected, yielding a decrease in performance. This negative effect on performance seemed to be in direct opposition to the other findings of Triplett but social psychologist Robert Zajonc made the connection between them by doing experiment.

In this experiment he initially trained the subject so that he becomes stable then afterward he was asked the subject to perform a task alone and then in presence of four to eight students they were asked to observe the subject quietly and attentively. He observe that when he was performing in front of group his performance was much greater and better then before here comes the a very big factor which increases our provocation that is Evaluation Apprehension-fear of being judged by other- can increase arousal because he was feared that students standing around him are actually judging them and he might be evaluate by them and this psychological factors lead to a greater performance than before. And the self-consciousness he feel when being evaluated can interfere even with behaviors he perform automatically.

Actually social facilitation only apply to simple task it has opposite results for complex task for example if a person is writing a novel and he feels that someone start observing him he will also encourages and tend to work hard but writing a novel demands more intentions and concentration as his intentions are diverted he would be able to perform better this is called as social interference.

In this article he demonstrates both effects in a very good way by doing experiment on cockroaches. He created two mazes, one easy, one hard. Behind the maze walls were other cockroaches, and sometimes the walls were glass, so that the other cockroaches could watch and other times they were covered with paper, so that they couldn’t watch.

So with the easy maze, a cockroach ran the maze faster when it could see other cockroaches—social facilitation. With the hard maze, a cockroach ran slower with others watching—social interference. So by doing different experiments he proved the presence of other do increase our performance.